Poecilopanchax, new subgenus

Type species. Cynopoecilus notabilis (Ferrer, Wingert & Malabarba, 2014)

Type locality: from the rio Gravataí basin, laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil.

Cynopoecilus feltrini Costa, Amorim & Mattos, 2016

Cynopoecilus fulgens. Costa, 2002

Cynopoecilus intimus Costa, 2002

Cynopoecilus melanotaenia  Regan, 1912

Cynopoecilus multipapillatus Costa, 2002   Synonym of Cynopoecilus fulgens

Cynopoecilus nigrovittatus Costa, 2002

Cynopoecilus notabilis   (Poecilopanchax) Ferrer, Wingert & L. R. Malabarba, 2014

Comparative morphology and classification of South American cynopoeciline killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae), with notes on family-group names used for aplocheiloids    

(Costa 2016)

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Abstract A comparative morphological study involving all cynopoeciline killifishes indicates that Leptolebias marmoratus is more closely related to species of the genera Campellolebias and Cynopoecilus than to other species of Leptolebias, and that Mucurilebias leitaoi is the sister group of a clade comprising all other cynopoecilines. Leptopanchax, new genus, is described to place species that share urogenital papilla in males separated from the anal-fin origin by broad interspace, basal portion of the urogenital papilla in males not forming a pronounced wide structure, absence of thickened tissue on the basal portion of the anal fin in males, caudal fin oval and symmetrical in males, anterior proximal radials of the anal fin not placed in close proximity in males, presence of a broad iridescent golden stripe on the distal zone of the dorsal fin in males, and caudal fin with vermiculate dark red marks in males. Poecilopanchax, new subgenus of Cynopoecilus, is diagnosed by having the basihyal narrow, about rectangular, the interarcual element of the dorsal branchial arch ossified, the uncinate process of the third epibranchial distinctively widened, a long filamentous ray on the tip of the anal fin in males, caudal fin lanceolate in males, dark bars on the flank in females, branchiostegal region with intense red pigmentation in males, a brownish red stripe on the basal portion of the dorsal fin in males, and dark red marks extending to the antero-distal margin of the dorsal fin in males. This study follows an old classificatory scheme in which all aplocheiloids are placed in a single family, the Aplocheilidae.

Genus Cynopoecilus

Subgenus Cynopoecilus

Included species, distribution and habitat. Five species, C. feltrini Costa, Amorim & Mattos, 2016, C. fulgens Costa, 2002, C. intimus Costa, 2002, C. melanotaenia (Regan, 1912), and C. nigrovittatus Costa, 2002, found in temporary pools in open vegetation areas, sometimes at semi-deciduous forest border. The study of material recently collected in the broad area between the type locality of C. fulgens and C. multipapillatus Costa, 2002 (see list of localities in Appendix 1), indicated that the latter species is a synonym of the former. Species of the subgenus Cynopoecilus occurs between the Rio Tubarão basin in southern Brazil and the Laguna dos Patos-Lagoa Mirim system in southern Brazil and adjacent areas of Uruguay (Costa, 2002a; Costa et al., 2016b).

Poecilopanchax, new subgenus 

Included species, distribution and habitat. Only the type species, C. notabilis Ferrer, Wingert & Malabarba, 2014, found in temporary channels within dense semi-deciduous seasonal forest, in Laguna dos Patos drainage, southern Brazil (Ferrer et al., 2014; personal observation).

Cynopoecilus feltrini W. J. E. M. Costa, Amorim & Mattos, 2016 

A new species of inseminating seasonal killifish of the Cynopoecilus melanotaenia complex from southern Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Biodiversity Data Journal, 4: e6888. 

Abstract

Background

The Cynopoecilus melanotaenia complex is a morphologically homogeneous killifish group, endemic from an area encompassing southern Brazil and northeastern Uruguay. It presently comprises four valid species: C.melanotaenia, the type species of the genus, and C. fulgens, C. intimus, and C. nigrovittatus.

New information

Cynopoecilus feltrini, n. sp., from the lower Tubarão river basin, southern Brazil, is distinguished from all congeners of the C. melanotaenia complex by having frontal E-scales medially overlapped, branchiostegal region orangish red in males and dorsum with few dark brown spots above opercular region. A phylogenetic tree derived from the analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (681 bp) indicates that C. feltrini is a member of the clade that includes all species of the C. melanotaenia complex except C. melanotaenia, as well as that C. feltrini is the sister group of a clade comprising C. fulgens and C. nigrovittatus.

Cynopoecilus fulgens W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002

The annual Fish genus Cynopoecilus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): taxonomic Revision, with Descriptions of four new Species. Ichthyol. ExpIor. Freshwaters, 13 (1): 16, fig. 3.

Type locality: 5 km north of Sao José do Norte, road BR-101, Rio Grande do Sul state, (southeastern) Brasil.

Cynopoecilus intimus W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002

The annual Fish genus Cynopoecilus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): taxonomic Revision, with Descriptions of four new Species. Ichthyol. ExpIor. Freshwaters, 13 (1): 18, fig. 4.

Type locality: 6 km northwest of Vila Block, road BR-392, Rio Grande do Sul state, (southeastern) Brasil.
 

Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Regan, 1912)

A Revision of the Poeciliid Fishes of the Genera Rivulus, Pterolebias, and Cynolebias. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 (10): 506.

Type locality: Vila da Quinta (near Pelotas), municipio de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brasil, subseq. 

Cynopoecilus melanotaenia

A new species of inseminating seasonal killifish of the Cynopoecilus melanotaenia complex from southern Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Wison José Eduardo Moreira da Costa, Pedro Fasura de Amorim, José Leonardo Oliveira Mattos  2016

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Cynopoecilus nigrovittatus W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002

The annual Fish genus Cynopoecilus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): taxonomic Revision, with Descriptions of four new Species. Ichthyol. ExpIor. Freshwaters, 13 (1): 20, fig. 5.

Type locality: Montenegro, rio Cai floodplain, Rio Grande do Sul state, (southeastern) Brasil.

Cynopoecilus (Poecilopanchax) notabilis Ferrer, Wingert & L. R. Malabarba, 2014 

Description of a new species and phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe Cynopoecilina, including continuous characters without discretization (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172 (4): 846–866.

A new species of the subtribe Cynopoecilina is described from the rio Gravataí basin, laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. The relationships of the new species among taxa of the subtribe Cynopoecilina is discussed based on two analyses: one using 71 discrete characters and other with the addition of six continuous characters analyzed without discretization. The addition of the continuous characters resulted in the first fully resolved phylogenies for Cynopoecilus and Leptolebias species, not obtained in the analysis including only discrete characters. The new species is assigned to Cynopoecilus as sister group to the remaining species of the genus. A new diagnosis is proposed for Cynopoecilus to accommodate the new species. The resulting phylogeny indicates that the occupation of the grasslands of the Pampa biome by the species of Cynopoecilus occurred along the evolution of the genus and that this event was significant for the diversification of the genus. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London

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A new genus of miniature cynolebiasine from the Atlantic Forest and alternative biogeographical explanations for seasonal killifish distribution patterns in South America (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)  (Costa 2014)

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Abstract The analysis of 78 morphological characters for 16 species representing all the lineages of the tribe Cynopoecilini and three out-groups, indicates that the incertae sedis miniature species ‘Leptolebias’ leitaoi Cruz & Peixoto is the sister group of a clade comprising the genera Leptolebias, Campellolebias, and Cynopoecilus, consequently recognised as the only member of a new genus. Mucurilebias gen. nov. is diagnosed by seven autapomorphies: eye occupying great part of head side, low number of caudal-fin rays (21), distal portion of epural much broader than distal portion of parhypural, an oblique red bar through opercle in both sexes, isthmus bright red in males, a white stripe on the distal margin of the dorsal fin in males, and a red stripe on the distal margin of the anal fin in males. Mucurilebias leitaoi is an endangered seasonal species endemic to the Mucuri river basin. The biogeographical analysis of genera of the subfamily Cynolebiasinae using a dispersal-vicariance, event-based parsimony approach indicates that distribution of South American killifishes may be broadly shaped by dispersal events. The analysis supports south-eastern Brazilian coastal plains as the centre of dispersal for cynolebiasine killifishes. Alternative biogeographical explanations are compared and possible dispersal routes and means of dispersal are discussed.